How to Reach AI Nirvana – Part Two

In my previous article, How to Reach AI Nirvana – Part One, I talked about how different types of organizations can benefit from Artificial Intelligence. In this article, I will dig deeper into what specific steps should be taken that will be applicable to all types of organizations.

A. Develop a Clear AI Strategy

Developing a clear AI strategy is crucial for organizations looking to harness the benefits of artificial intelligence effectively. Here are ten steps that can guide you in this process:

  1. Define Objectives: Clearly articulate what you aim to achieve with AI within your organization. These objectives should align with your overall business or operational goals.
  2. Assess Current Capabilities: Evaluate your current technological infrastructure, data readiness, and team skill sets to understand where you stand in terms of AI readiness.
  3. Identify AI Opportunities: Look for areas within your operations where AI can have a significant impact, such as automating repetitive tasks, enhancing data analytics, or improving customer service.
  4. Set Realistic Goals: Establish specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound (SMART) goals for your AI initiatives to ensure they are manageable and aligned with your broader objectives.
  5. Develop a Technology Roadmap: Plan the technological tools and platforms needed to achieve your AI goals, considering both current and future technology trends.
  6. Secure Funding and Resources: Allocate the necessary budget and resources for AI projects, including hardware, software, and human resources.
  7. Build or Enhance Data Infrastructure: Ensure you have the data infrastructure necessary to support AI, focusing on data collection, storage, and management practices.
  8. Establish Partnerships: Form partnerships with AI technology providers, research institutions, or other organizations that can offer expertise and support in AI.
  9. Implement Ethical Guidelines: Develop a set of ethical guidelines to govern AI deployment, focusing on transparency, privacy, and fairness to build trust among stakeholders.
  10. Monitor, Evaluate, and Iterate: Continuously monitor the progress of your AI initiatives, evaluate their performance against set goals, and make adjustments as necessary to improve outcomes.

Following these steps can help ensure that your AI strategy is robust, aligned with organizational goals, and poised to deliver maximum value.

B. Invest in AI Infrastructure

Investing in AI infrastructure is crucial for organizations aiming to leverage artificial intelligence effectively across their operations. Here are ten steps to guide the process of building and enhancing AI infrastructure:

  1. Assess Current Capabilities: Evaluate your existing technology infrastructure to understand what you have, what’s lacking, and what needs upgrading to support AI applications.
  2. Define AI Requirements: Clearly identify the specific AI capabilities your organization needs, including computing power, storage, and networking requirements, based on your strategic goals.
  3. Choose the Right Hardware: Invest in the necessary hardware that can handle AI workloads, such as high-performance GPUs, servers, and scalable storage solutions.
  4. Select Appropriate AI Software: Choose AI software platforms and tools that suit your business needs, whether off-the-shelf solutions or custom-built applications.
  5. Cloud vs. On-Premise Solutions: Decide between cloud-based AI services, which offer scalability and flexibility, and on-premise solutions, which provide more control over data and operations.
  6. Data Management Systems: Implement robust data management systems that can efficiently store, process, and retrieve large datasets necessary for AI training and execution.
  7. Ensure Scalability: Plan for scalability from the start, allowing your AI infrastructure to grow and adapt as your AI initiatives expand and evolve.
  8. Cybersecurity Measures: Strengthen cybersecurity measures to protect AI systems and data from external threats and ensure compliance with data protection regulations.
  9. Build a Skilled Team: Invest in recruiting and developing talent with expertise in AI, data science, and related fields to manage and optimize your AI infrastructure.
  10. Continuous Improvement and Upgrading: Commit to ongoing maintenance and continuous improvement of your AI infrastructure, incorporating advances in AI technology and changing organizational needs.

By carefully planning and executing these steps, organizations can establish a solid AI infrastructure that supports efficient and effective AI applications, driving innovation and competitive advantage.

C. Establish Data Governance

Establishing effective data governance is crucial for organizations aiming to leverage data responsibly and efficiently, particularly when deploying AI systems. Here are ten steps to set up a robust data governance framework:

  1. Define Data Governance Goals: Clearly articulate what you aim to achieve with your data governance initiative, such as improving data quality, ensuring privacy, and facilitating data sharing.
  2. Assign Data Governance Roles: Designate specific roles and responsibilities, including data stewards, data managers, and a data governance council, to oversee various aspects of data management.
  3. Develop Data Policies and Standards: Create comprehensive data policies and standards that cover data acquisition, storage, processing, and disposal, ensuring all data handling meets legal and ethical standards.
  4. Implement Data Security Measures: Secure your data assets by implementing appropriate security measures such as encryption, access controls, and regular audits.
  5. Establish Data Quality Processes: Put in place processes to maintain high data quality across the lifecycle, including data validation, cleansing, and deduplication procedures.
  6. Create a Data Catalog: Develop a data catalog that provides a detailed inventory of data assets, including metadata descriptions, to facilitate data discovery and management.
  7. Monitor and Report: Regularly monitor data management practices and generate reports to evaluate compliance with data governance policies and the effectiveness of the governance framework.
  8. Train and Educate Stakeholders: Educate all stakeholders, including management and employees, on data governance policies and best practices to ensure widespread understanding and compliance.
  9. Integrate Compliance Mechanisms: Incorporate mechanisms to ensure ongoing compliance with relevant data protection regulations (like GDPR or HIPAA) and industry standards.
  10. Foster a Culture of Data Responsibility: Encourage a culture where data responsibility is valued and promoted across the organization, ensuring that data governance is a shared priority.

By following these steps, organizations can establish a strong foundation for data governance that not only supports AI initiatives but also enhances overall operational integrity and compliance.

D. Train Staff and Stakeholders

Training staff and stakeholders in the use of AI is essential for maximizing the benefits of technology and ensuring smooth integration into existing processes. Here are ten steps to effectively train and prepare your organization for AI adoption:

  1. Assess Training Needs: Identify the specific skills and knowledge gaps that exist among your staff and stakeholders regarding AI.
  2. Develop a Training Strategy: Create a comprehensive training plan that addresses these gaps and aligns with your organizational goals for AI.
  3. Choose Appropriate Training Methods: Select training methods that are best suited to the learning styles of your audience and the complexity of the AI technology, such as workshops, webinars, hands-on sessions, and e-learning courses.
  4. Engage Qualified Instructors: Hire or collaborate with experts who have proven experience and expertise in AI to deliver the training.
  5. Create Custom Content: Develop training materials that are tailored to the specific use cases and applications of AI within your organization.
  6. Incorporate Practical Exercises: Ensure the training includes practical, hands-on exercises that allow participants to experience AI tools and solutions directly.
  7. Schedule Regular Training Sessions: Organize training sessions at regular intervals to accommodate new hires and provide refresher courses to existing staff.
  8. Monitor Progress and Get Feedback: Continuously assess the effectiveness of the training program through tests, feedback forms, and practical assignments to identify areas for improvement.
  9. Update Training Programs Regularly: Keep the training content up to date with the latest AI developments and changes in technology to ensure ongoing relevance and effectiveness.
  10. Cultivate a Culture of Continuous Learning: Encourage a workplace culture that values continuous learning and self-improvement, providing staff with ongoing opportunities to enhance their AI knowledge and skills.

By systematically implementing these steps, organizations can ensure that their teams are well-prepared to adopt and utilize AI technologies, leading to better outcomes and more effective integration of AI into business processes.

E. Collaborate with AI Experts

Collaborating with AI experts can accelerate the adoption and effective use of AI technologies within an organization. Here are ten steps to successfully partner with AI professionals and leverage their expertise:

  1. Identify AI Needs: Clearly define what AI capabilities your organization requires and the specific problems you aim to solve with AI.
  2. Research Potential Experts: Look for AI experts and organizations with a strong track record in the relevant AI fields, such as machine learning, natural language processing, or robotics.
  3. Evaluate Expertise: Assess the technical and practical expertise of potential partners, considering their previous projects, publications, and contributions to the AI community.
  4. Set Clear Objectives: Establish clear goals and expectations for the collaboration, ensuring both parties are aligned in terms of outcomes and timelines.
  5. Formalize Agreements: Draw up contracts or agreements that specify the terms of the collaboration, including roles, responsibilities, timelines, intellectual property rights, and compensation.
  6. Integrate Teams: Foster a collaborative environment by integrating your internal team with the AI experts, promoting knowledge sharing and mutual understanding.
  7. Leverage Expert Advice: Utilize the expertise of your AI partners in designing AI strategies, selecting technologies, and implementing solutions.
  8. Co-Develop Solutions: Engage in co-development activities where your team and the AI experts work together to create customized solutions that meet your specific needs.
  9. Organize Joint Workshops and Training Sessions: Conduct workshops and training sessions led by AI experts to enhance the skills of your staff and deepen their understanding of AI applications.
  10. Evaluate and Iterate: Regularly review the progress of the collaboration, making adjustments as necessary to ensure that the partnership remains productive and aligned with strategic objectives.

By following these steps, organizations can build effective partnerships with AI experts, enhancing their ability to innovate and implement AI solutions that drive significant value.

F. Create Ethical AI Guidelines

Creating ethical AI guidelines is crucial for ensuring that AI technologies are used responsibly and for the benefit of all stakeholders. Here are ten steps to develop a comprehensive ethical framework for AI:

  1. Define Core Values: Begin by defining the core values that your AI guidelines will uphold, such as transparency, fairness, non-discrimination, privacy, and accountability.
  2. Identify Ethical Risks: Analyze potential ethical risks associated with the use of AI in your organization, including biases, privacy breaches, and negative impacts on employment.
  3. Engage Stakeholders: Involve a broad range of stakeholders in the discussion, including AI developers, users, affected communities, and ethicists, to gather diverse perspectives.
  4. Research Best Practices: Look into existing ethical AI frameworks and best practices established by industry leaders, academic institutions, and regulatory bodies to inform your guidelines.
  5. Develop Clear Policies: Draft clear, actionable policies that address specific ethical concerns, such as data handling, bias mitigation, transparency in AI decision-making, and mechanisms for accountability.
  6. Create Implementation Procedures: Establish procedures for implementing the ethical guidelines throughout the AI lifecycle, from development and deployment to post-deployment monitoring.
  7. Train and Educate: Provide training for all employees on the ethical guidelines, emphasizing the importance of ethical considerations in AI development and usage.
  8. Establish Oversight Mechanisms: Set up an oversight body or committee responsible for monitoring AI projects for ethical compliance and addressing any violations of the guidelines.
  9. Regularly Update Guidelines: Keep the ethical guidelines dynamic and responsive to new challenges and developments in AI technology by regularly reviewing and updating them.
  10. Promote Transparency: Make the guidelines accessible to all stakeholders and the public, ensuring that everyone understands how AI is used and governed within your organization.

By meticulously crafting and implementing these ethical AI guidelines, organizations can promote the responsible use of AI technologies, fostering trust and ensuring that their AI initiatives have a positive impact on society.

G. Ensure Regulatory Compliance

Ensuring regulatory compliance when deploying AI technologies is critical to operate legally and maintain public trust. Here are ten steps to effectively align AI practices with relevant laws and regulations:

  1. Identify Relevant Regulations: Begin by identifying all applicable regulations related to AI, data protection, and privacy in the jurisdictions where your organization operates.
  2. Develop Compliance Protocols: Create detailed protocols and procedures that ensure AI systems comply with these regulations throughout their lifecycle.
  3. Appoint a Compliance Officer: Designate a compliance officer or team specifically responsible for overseeing AI compliance issues.
  4. Conduct Regular Audits: Perform regular audits of AI systems and practices to ensure ongoing compliance with all regulatory requirements.
  5. Implement Privacy Protection Measures: Incorporate privacy by design principles into AI development, ensuring that data protection is a key consideration from the outset.
  6. Educate Employees: Provide training and resources to employees on regulatory requirements and the importance of compliance in AI applications.
  7. Stay Informed on Regulatory Changes: Keep up to date with changes in regulations that might affect AI use, and adjust your compliance protocols accordingly.
  8. Document Compliance Efforts: Maintain detailed records of compliance efforts, including training, audits, and data protection measures, to demonstrate adherence to regulatory bodies.
  9. Engage Legal Experts: Work with legal professionals who specialize in technology and regulatory compliance to ensure your AI systems are legally compliant.
  10. Implement Transparency Measures: Make your AI systems’ decision-making processes transparent to users and regulatory bodies, where required, to facilitate audits and compliance checks.

By following these steps, organizations can ensure that their AI deployments are not only compliant with current regulations but are also prepared to adapt to future changes in the legal landscape, thus mitigating risks and enhancing credibility.

H. Foster a Culture of Innovation

Fostering a culture of innovation, especially around the adoption and use of AI, is vital for organizations aiming to stay competitive and adapt to rapid technological changes. Here are ten steps to cultivate an environment that supports and encourages innovation:

  1. Leadership Commitment: Ensure that the organization’s leaders actively support and drive the innovation agenda. Their commitment should be visible and communicated throughout the organization.
  2. Define Innovation Goals: Clearly articulate what innovation means for your organization, setting specific, measurable, and achievable goals to guide efforts.
  3. Encourage Experimentation: Create an environment where employees feel safe to experiment and fail. This involves tolerating mistakes and viewing them as part of the learning and innovation process.
  4. Provide Resources and Tools: Equip teams with the necessary resources, tools, and time to explore new ideas and innovative solutions, including access to AI technologies and training.
  5. Reward Creativity: Recognize and reward innovative ideas and initiatives, regardless of their outcome, to motivate employees to keep thinking creatively.
  6. Cross-Functional Collaboration: Encourage collaboration across different departments and teams. This can lead to a cross-pollination of ideas and can help in breaking down silos that hinder innovation.
  7. Continuous Learning: Promote continuous learning and skill development, especially in new technologies like AI, through workshops, seminars, and access to courses.
  8. Open Communication: Maintain open lines of communication and encourage employees at all levels to share their ideas and feedback. This could be through regular meetings, suggestion boxes, or digital collaboration platforms.
  9. Innovation Metrics: Develop metrics to track innovation efforts and their outcomes. This helps in understanding what’s working and what’s not, allowing for better strategy adjustments.
  10. External Engagement: Engage with external ecosystems, such as academia, industry groups, and startups, to gain insights into emerging trends and technologies that could inspire innovation within your organization.

By implementing these steps, an organization can foster a robust culture of innovation that not only embraces AI but also continuously evolves to meet future challenges and opportunities.

I. Monitor AI Performance

Monitoring the performance of AI systems is crucial for ensuring they continue to operate effectively and meet organizational goals. Here are ten steps to establish a robust system for tracking and evaluating AI performance:

  1. Define Performance Metrics: Identify specific metrics that accurately reflect the AI system’s effectiveness and efficiency, such as accuracy, speed, and impact on business outcomes.
  2. Implement Monitoring Tools: Deploy tools and technologies that can track these metrics in real-time, providing continuous oversight of AI operations.
  3. Set Performance Benchmarks: Establish benchmarks based on initial testing or industry standards to measure AI performance against expected outcomes.
  4. Regular Reporting: Schedule regular reporting intervals to review AI performance data and analyze trends over time.
  5. Feedback Loops: Create mechanisms for feedback from end-users and stakeholders to capture insights on AI performance from a practical perspective.
  6. Automate Performance Checks: Where possible, automate the monitoring processes to ensure they are occurring consistently and reliably without manual intervention.
  7. Data Quality Checks: Regularly review and validate the quality of data being used by AI systems, as poor data quality can significantly impact performance.
  8. Conduct AI Audits: Periodically conduct thorough audits of AI systems to assess their compliance with design specifications and performance expectations.
  9. Update and Optimize: Based on performance reviews and audits, update AI algorithms and models to optimize performance, addressing any identified issues or inefficiencies.
  10. Stakeholder Engagement: Keep all relevant stakeholders informed about AI performance and involve them in discussions about potential improvements or changes needed in strategy.

By systematically monitoring and evaluating AI performance, organizations can ensure that their AI systems remain reliable and effective, providing the expected value and adapting to evolving requirements.

J. Engage the Community

Engaging the community effectively is crucial for organizations looking to build trust, foster transparency, and gain valuable insights that can guide their operations or initiatives. Here are ten steps to successfully engage the community:

  1. Identify Stakeholders: Determine who in the community is affected by or interested in your activities, including both supporters and critics.
  2. Define Engagement Goals: Clearly articulate the goals of your community engagement efforts, whether they’re to gather feedback, increase awareness, build partnerships, or something else.
  3. Choose Appropriate Engagement Methods: Select the methods that best suit your goals and your community’s preferences, such as public meetings, focus groups, online forums, or social media platforms.
  4. Communicate Openly and Regularly: Maintain open lines of communication with the community, sharing information regularly and transparently about projects, developments, and decisions.
  5. Facilitate Inclusive Participation: Ensure that all community members, including traditionally underrepresented groups, have opportunities to participate in the engagement process.
  6. Provide Value and Incentives: Offer value to the community through educational opportunities, resources, or other benefits that meet their needs and interests.
  7. Solicit and Act on Feedback: Actively solicit feedback from the community and demonstrate how it influences decisions or actions, reinforcing the importance of their input.
  8. Build Long-Term Relationships: Focus on building sustainable, long-term relationships with community members rather than engaging only when feedback is needed.
  9. Measure Engagement Outcomes: Use metrics to evaluate the effectiveness of your engagement strategies and make adjustments as necessary based on those findings.
  10. Celebrate and Recognize Contributions: Acknowledge and celebrate community contributions, showing appreciation for their involvement and reinforcing positive relationships.

By following these steps, organizations can effectively engage with their communities, fostering a sense of collaboration and mutual benefit that enhances both their projects and the community’s well-being.

K. Promote Transparency

Promoting transparency in an organization, especially when integrating AI and other advanced technologies, is crucial for building trust, accountability, and understanding among all stakeholders. Here are ten steps to effectively promote transparency:

  1. Clear Communication: Regularly communicate about your processes, decisions, and operations openly and honestly. Use clear, straightforward language accessible to all stakeholders.
  2. Accessible Information: Make relevant information easily accessible to stakeholders, including policies, procedures, and data about performance and decision-making processes.
  3. Engage Stakeholders: Actively engage stakeholders in discussions and decision-making processes. This includes customers, employees, partners, and the community.
  4. Feedback Mechanisms: Implement robust mechanisms for collecting and responding to feedback, showing that stakeholder input is valued and considered.
  5. Transparency in AI Operations: Clearly explain how AI systems work, the data they use, and their decision-making processes. This includes limitations and potential biases.
  6. Regular Updates: Provide regular updates about new initiatives, technology deployments, and changes in policies or operations to keep stakeholders informed.
  7. Ethical Standards: Uphold high ethical standards in all operations, and be transparent about how these standards are enforced and maintained.
  8. Audit and Assurance: Conduct regular audits and make the results available to relevant stakeholders to assure them of your compliance with legal and ethical standards.
  9. Transparency Training: Train employees on the importance of transparency and how to implement it in their daily work and interactions with stakeholders.
  10. Use of Technology: Utilize technology to enhance transparency, such as blockchain for traceability or open platforms where stakeholders can view and analyze data directly.

By implementing these steps, organizations can foster a culture of transparency that enhances trust and cooperation, improves accountability, and ultimately contributes to a more ethical and successful operation.

L. Implement Continuous Learning

Implementing continuous learning within an organization is crucial to keep pace with rapidly changing technologies, industry standards, and best practices. Here’s how you can embed a culture of continuous learning, particularly with a focus on enhancing skills in AI and other evolving areas:

  1. Assess Learning Needs: Regularly assess the learning and development needs of your employees, focusing on the skills required for current and future roles, particularly in AI and technology.
  2. Create Personalized Learning Plans: Develop personalized learning plans for employees, which accommodate different learning styles and career paths, emphasizing upskilling in relevant areas.
  3. Leverage Diverse Learning Resources: Utilize a variety of learning resources, such as online courses, workshops, webinars, and conferences, to provide comprehensive learning opportunities.
  4. Encourage Knowledge Sharing: Foster an environment where employees are encouraged to share knowledge and insights with their peers, such as through regular internal presentations, workshops, or informal discussions.
  5. Incorporate Learning into Daily Routine: Integrate learning opportunities into the daily work environment, allowing employees to learn on the job and apply new skills in real-time.
  6. Support Formal Education: Provide support for formal education programs, including tuition assistance for courses or degrees that align with business goals and employee career paths.
  7. Utilize Technology for Learning: Implement advanced learning management systems (LMS) that provide employees with easy access to educational content and track their learning progress.
  8. Reward Learning Achievements: Recognize and reward employees who dedicate time to learning and successfully enhance their skills, thereby encouraging others to engage in learning.
  9. Evaluate and Adapt Learning Programs: Regularly evaluate the effectiveness of learning programs and make adjustments based on feedback and changing needs to ensure they remain relevant and effective.
  10. Promote a Culture of Curiosity and Innovation: Cultivate a workplace culture that values curiosity, innovation, and continuous improvement, where learning is seen as a key component of professional development and success.

By adopting these steps, organizations can ensure that their workforce remains skilled and knowledgeable, capable of adapting to new challenges and innovations, particularly in the realm of AI.

M. Build Cross-Functional AI Teams

Building cross-functional AI teams is essential for integrating diverse expertise and perspectives, which can significantly enhance the development and implementation of AI solutions. Here are ten steps to effectively create and manage cross-functional AI teams:

  1. Define Objectives: Clearly articulate the goals and objectives of the AI projects, ensuring they align with the broader organizational strategy.
  2. Identify Skills Needed: Assess the variety of skills and expertise required for the AI project, including data science, AI ethics, software development, project management, and domain-specific knowledge.
  3. Select Team Members: Choose individuals from different functional areas of the organization who can contribute the necessary skills and perspectives to the AI team.
  4. Foster Collaboration: Encourage open communication and collaboration among team members to leverage their diverse backgrounds and skills effectively.
  5. Provide Training and Resources: Offer training and resources to team members to fill any gaps in knowledge and ensure everyone is up to speed on the latest AI technologies and methodologies.
  6. Establish Clear Roles and Responsibilities: Define clear roles and responsibilities for each team member, ensuring that everyone understands their contributions to the project.
  7. Promote Leadership Support: Ensure that the team has strong leadership and support from upper management, which is crucial for navigating challenges and securing necessary resources.
  8. Implement Agile Practices: Adopt agile methodologies that allow for flexibility and rapid iteration in developing AI solutions, accommodating feedback and changes as the project evolves.
  9. Monitor and Adjust Team Dynamics: Regularly assess team dynamics and workflow to identify any areas of improvement or potential conflicts, adjusting strategies as needed to maintain productivity.
  10. Celebrate Successes and Learn from Failures: Recognize and celebrate the team’s successes, and equally important, learn from any setbacks to improve future performance and innovation.

By following these steps, organizations can create effective cross-functional AI teams that are well-equipped to tackle complex projects and drive innovation through collaborative and interdisciplinary efforts.

N. Ensure Scalability

Ensuring scalability in your operations, especially when implementing AI systems, is essential for accommodating growth and adapting to changing demands. Here are ten steps to achieve scalability effectively:

  1. Assess Current Infrastructure: Evaluate your current technology and infrastructure to determine if it can handle increased loads and expansion without performance degradation.
  2. Design for Scalability: When designing systems and processes, plan for scalability from the start. Use modular architectures that allow for easy expansion and integration.
  3. Leverage Cloud Solutions: Utilize cloud computing services that offer scalability and flexibility. Cloud platforms can dynamically adjust resources based on your needs.
  4. Implement Robust Data Management: Ensure that your data management practices and systems are scalable. This includes using databases and data storage solutions that can grow with your data needs.
  5. Adopt Scalable AI Models: Choose AI models and algorithms that can scale effectively. Some models are more computationally intensive than others, so select those that align with your scalability needs.
  6. Automate Processes: Increase automation in operations to reduce the reliance on manual processes, which can become bottlenecks as the organization grows.
  7. Monitor System Performance: Regularly monitor system performance and conduct stress tests to identify potential scalability issues before they become critical.
  8. Plan for Incremental Scaling: Instead of large-scale overhauls, plan for incremental scaling, which involves gradually adding capacity or enhancements to manage growth sustainably.
  9. Train Staff for Scalability: Educate your team about best practices in scalable operations, ensuring they understand how to maintain performance as scale increases.
  10. Review and Revise Regularly: Regularly review your scalability strategies and make necessary adjustments based on new technologies, market demands, and performance metrics.

By following these steps, your organization can ensure that both your technological and operational infrastructures are prepared to scale up efficiently and effectively, supporting sustained growth and innovation.

O. Focus on Customer-Centric Approaches

Focusing on customer-centric approaches involves aligning your strategies, operations, and products with the needs and expectations of your customers. Here are ten steps to effectively incorporate a customer-centric focus in your organization, especially when leveraging AI:

  1. Understand Your Customers: Collect and analyze data on your customers’ preferences, behaviors, and feedback to deeply understand their needs and expectations.
  2. Segment Your Customer Base: Use AI to segment your customers into distinct groups based on their behaviors and preferences to tailor your offerings and communications effectively.
  3. Personalize Interactions: Implement AI-driven personalization to tailor interactions and communications to individual customer preferences, enhancing customer experiences.
  4. Enhance Customer Support: Use AI tools like chatbots and virtual assistants to provide quick, responsive, and personalized customer support around the clock.
  5. Collect Continuous Feedback: Regularly gather customer feedback through surveys, social media, and direct interactions to inform business decisions and improve customer satisfaction.
  6. Optimize Customer Journeys: Analyze customer journey data to identify pain points and bottlenecks, using AI to optimize these paths and improve the overall customer experience.
  7. Implement Customer Advocacy Programs: Develop programs that encourage and reward customers for their loyalty, feedback, and referrals, turning satisfied customers into advocates.
  8. Train Your Team: Educate your staff on the importance of customer centricity and provide them with tools and training to enhance customer interactions.
  9. Monitor Customer Satisfaction: Regularly assess customer satisfaction levels using metrics and KPIs to ensure your customer-centric strategies are effective.
  10. Adapt and Innovate Based on Insights: Continuously adapt your products, services, and processes based on customer insights and emerging trends to stay relevant and competitive.

By following these steps, organizations can ensure that their strategies and operations are aligned with the evolving needs of their customers, thereby improving customer loyalty, satisfaction, and overall business performance.

P. Prioritize Data Privacy

Prioritizing data privacy is essential for maintaining trust and compliance, especially as organizations increasingly rely on data-driven decisions and technologies like AI. Here are ten steps to effectively prioritize and ensure data privacy:

  1. Understand Privacy Regulations: Familiarize yourself with all relevant data protection laws and regulations applicable in the jurisdictions where your organization operates, such as GDPR, CCPA, or HIPAA.
  2. Develop a Comprehensive Privacy Policy: Create a detailed privacy policy that outlines how your organization collects, uses, stores, and protects user data. Make this policy easily accessible to users.
  3. Implement Data Protection Measures: Use strong encryption, secure data storage solutions, and robust access controls to protect data from unauthorized access, loss, or breaches.
  4. Conduct Data Privacy Impact Assessments: Regularly perform data privacy impact assessments for new and existing projects to identify and mitigate any risks related to data privacy.
  5. Minimize Data Collection: Collect only the data that is necessary for your operations or for fulfilling specific purposes, adhering to the principle of data minimization.
  6. Ensure Transparency: Be transparent with users about how their data is being used. Provide clear and accessible information about data collection practices and allow users to access their data upon request.
  7. Train Employees: Regularly train employees on data privacy best practices and the importance of protecting user data. Make sure they understand the legal requirements and ethical implications.
  8. Designate a Data Protection Officer (DPO): Appoint a DPO or a similar role, especially if required by law, to oversee data privacy practices and ensure compliance with data protection regulations.
  9. Regularly Update Security Measures: Keep security measures and technologies up to date to protect against new and evolving threats. Regularly review and update these measures.
  10. Facilitate User Control: Enable users to control their personal data through tools that allow them to view, edit, or delete their information, and to opt-out of certain data uses.

By implementing these steps, organizations can ensure that they prioritize data privacy, thereby protecting themselves and their customers from risks and building a reputation for respecting user privacy.

Q. Leverage Predictive Analytics

Leveraging predictive analytics can transform how organizations make decisions, anticipate trends, and understand customer behavior. Here are ten steps to effectively utilize predictive analytics within your organization:

  1. Define Objectives: Clearly identify what you hope to achieve with predictive analytics, such as improving customer retention, optimizing operations, or enhancing product offerings.
  2. Collect Relevant Data: Gather a wide range of data that is relevant to the objectives. This might include historical sales data, customer interaction logs, market trends, and more.
  3. Ensure Data Quality: Clean and preprocess the data to ensure high quality, removing any inaccuracies or inconsistencies that could skew results.
  4. Choose the Right Tools and Technologies: Select appropriate predictive analytics tools and technologies that fit your business needs and data types. This could range from statistical software to machine learning platforms.
  5. Develop Predictive Models: Build predictive models using statistical or machine learning techniques. Choose models based on the nature of the data and the specific insights you aim to glean.
  6. Validate Models: Thoroughly validate the predictive models to ensure they are accurate and reliable. Use techniques like cross-validation and keep adjusting parameters until you achieve satisfactory results.
  7. Integrate with Business Processes: Seamlessly integrate predictive analytics into existing business processes to ensure that the insights it provides are actionable and directly relevant to daily operations.
  8. Train Staff: Educate your team on how to interpret predictive analytics outputs and make informed decisions based on the data. Ensure they understand both the capabilities and limitations of predictive analytics.
  9. Continuously Update Models: Regularly update and refine models based on new data and feedback to keep the analytics relevant and accurate over time.
  10. Monitor Outcomes: Continuously monitor the outcomes of decisions made based on predictive analytics. Use this feedback to further refine your predictive models and strategies.

By following these steps, organizations can effectively leverage predictive analytics to gain a competitive edge, make data-driven decisions, and anticipate future trends and behaviors more accurately.

R. Adapt Based on Feedback

Adapting based on feedback is crucial for continual improvement and responsiveness in any organization. Here are ten steps to effectively incorporate feedback into your strategies and operations:

  1. Establish Feedback Channels: Set up multiple channels for collecting feedback, such as surveys, focus groups, customer support interactions, and social media, to ensure you gather comprehensive insights from various stakeholders.
  2. Promote a Feedback Culture: Encourage a culture where feedback is valued and sought regularly, both from internal stakeholders (employees) and external stakeholders (customers, partners).
  3. Regular Collection: Make feedback collection a regular part of your processes, not just a one-time event. This can be through continuous online surveys, periodic reviews, or real-time feedback mechanisms.
  4. Analyze Feedback: Systematically analyze the feedback to identify common themes, trends, and areas of concern. Use data analytics tools where appropriate to handle large volumes of data.
  5. Communicate Acknowledgement: Acknowledge the receipt of feedback to the contributors, letting them know that their input is valuable and being considered.
  6. Prioritize Actions: Based on the feedback analysis, prioritize actions that align with your strategic goals and have the potential to have the most significant impact.
  7. Implement Changes: Take concrete steps to implement changes based on the feedback. This could involve altering processes, adjusting products or services, or changing communication strategies.
  8. Educate and Train: If feedback points towards gaps in knowledge or skills, provide the necessary education and training to address these issues.
  9. Monitor Results: After implementing changes, closely monitor the results to see if the adjustments are effective and if they meet the expectations set by the feedback.
  10. Report Back: Close the feedback loop by reporting back to those who provided input, showing them how their feedback has led to change. This builds trust and encourages continued engagement.

By systematically integrating these steps into your organization’s operations, you can ensure that feedback leads to meaningful improvements and keeps your organization adaptive and aligned with the needs and expectations of your stakeholders.

S. Expand AI Accessibility

Expanding AI accessibility ensures that AI technologies are usable and beneficial to a broad range of people, including those with disabilities. Here are ten steps to effectively increase AI accessibility in your projects:

  1. Understand Accessibility Needs: Begin by understanding the diverse accessibility needs of your users, which may include visual, auditory, physical, speech, cognitive, and neurological disabilities.
  2. Involve Diverse Users: Include people with disabilities in your design and testing phases to get direct feedback and ensure that the AI solutions meet their needs.
  3. Follow Accessibility Standards: Adhere to international accessibility standards such as the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) and the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) when developing AI interfaces and tools.
  4. Use Inclusive Design Principles: Apply principles of inclusive design to ensure that AI applications are usable by as many people as possible, regardless of their abilities or circumstances.
  5. Develop Accessible Content: Ensure that all content generated by AI, such as text, images, and videos, is accessible. This includes providing alternative text for images, captions for videos, and ensuring that AI-generated text is clear and straightforward.
  6. Implement Voice Navigation: Incorporate voice navigation and speech recognition capabilities to make AI tools more accessible to users with physical disabilities and those who prefer voice commands.
  7. Enhance Text-to-Speech and Speech-to-Text Features: Improve the quality of text-to-speech and speech-to-text functionalities to aid users with visual impairments or learning disabilities.
  8. Offer Customization Options: Provide options to customize the user interface, such as text size, contrast settings, and layout preferences, to accommodate individual accessibility needs.
  9. Educate and Train: Offer training and resources to help all users, including those with disabilities, understand how to make the most of AI technologies.
  10. Monitor and Iterate: Continuously monitor the accessibility of your AI solutions and make iterative improvements based on user feedback and technological advancements.

By implementing these steps, organizations can ensure that their AI applications are more accessible, providing equitable benefits and opportunities for all users, including those with disabilities.

T. Promote Sustainable AI Practices

Promoting sustainable AI practices involves ensuring that AI technologies are developed and used in ways that minimize environmental impact, promote social responsibility, and contribute positively to the well-being of society. Here are ten steps to effectively promote sustainable AI practices:

  1. Evaluate Environmental Impact: Assess the environmental footprint of AI technologies, including energy consumption, resource usage, and carbon emissions, throughout their lifecycle.
  2. Optimize Energy Efficiency: Design AI algorithms and infrastructure to be energy-efficient, prioritizing algorithms that require fewer computational resources and optimizing hardware for energy efficiency.
  3. Use Renewable Energy: Power AI infrastructure with renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, or hydroelectric power to minimize carbon emissions associated with energy consumption.
  4. Reduce Data Center Footprint: Consolidate data centers, optimize server utilization, and adopt virtualization and cloud computing technologies to reduce the physical footprint of AI infrastructure.
  5. Minimize E-Waste: Design AI hardware for longevity, repairability, and recyclability to minimize electronic waste generation and promote responsible end-of-life disposal practices.
  6. Promote Ethical AI Use: Ensure that AI technologies are developed and used in ways that uphold ethical principles, respect human rights, and promote fairness and accountability.
  7. Address Bias and Fairness: Mitigate biases in AI algorithms and data sets to ensure fair and equitable outcomes for all users, regardless of gender, race, ethnicity, or other characteristics.
  8. Protect Privacy and Security: Implement robust data privacy and security measures to protect sensitive information and prevent unauthorized access or misuse of personal data.
  9. Foster Diversity and Inclusion: Promote diversity and inclusion in the development and deployment of AI technologies, ensuring that diverse perspectives are represented and considered in decision-making processes.
  10. Educate Stakeholders: Raise awareness among stakeholders about the importance of sustainable AI practices and provide guidance on how they can contribute to a more sustainable AI ecosystem.

By following these steps, organizations can promote the adoption of sustainable AI practices, minimizing environmental impact, upholding ethical standards, and contributing to the long-term well-being of society.

Chief Executive Officer (CEO) and Service Orientated Architecture (SOA)

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This article discusses what is Service Orientated Architecture (SOA), how it is used, what are its benefits and what are the challenges when adopting it for your organization. It explores the business and technology perspectives of where SOA can be applied internally and externally by showing the following benefits of SOA to your organization:

  • Enhanced Operational Insights
  • Increased Business Agility
  • Better Customer Experience
  • Reduced Technology Costs
  • Creation of New Business Models

Keeping the benefits in mind, your organization has to also assess the following challenges that SOA brings for your organization:

In a nutshell, SOA is a framework that allows business processes to be highlighted to deliver Information Technology (IT) interoperability and rapid delivery of application functionality. Successful adoption of SOA would result in enhanced alignment between Business and IT. So, while there are challenges to overcome by your organization but overcoming these challenges would make your organization aligned from top to bottom and across people, processes and technologies.

1. WHAT IS SOA?

1.1. What is a Service?

In order to understand SOA, lets first explore the concept of a ‘service’. Depending upon the context, Merriam-Webster defines service in 11 different ways. These include a service being “the occupation or function of serving”, “the work performed by one that serves” to many other religious, military, public utilities and organizational definitions (“Service.” Merriam-Webster. Merriam-Webster, n.d. Web.). In economics and marketing, a service is the exchange of non-material equivalent of a good.

In organizations, a service can have business contexts and technological contexts. From a business context, a service can be activities that are performed inside the organization (e.g., Accounts Receivables), outsourced to another organization (e.g., Payroll Processing) and performed for the internal or external customers (e.g., Helpdesk Support). From a technological context, a service can be provided within an operating system (e.g., Windows EventLog), for software (e.g., log service) and where a user exchanges messages with a program to interact with it.

1.2. What is Service-Orientation and Service-Orientated Architecture?

Now that you have an understanding of what a service is, let’s define what is service-orientation and what is service-orientated architecture. Microsoft defines SOA to be “a design philosophy independent of any vendor, product, technology or industry trend” (Linthicum, David. “Chapter 1: Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA).” Chapter 1: Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA). Microsoft, n.d. Web.). Oracle, on the other hand, says SOA “provides a unified approach with a single interface for all of your current and future integration requirements” (“Oracle SOA – Service-Oriented Architecture.” Service-Oriented Architecture. Oracle, n.d. Web.)

In light of the varying definitions from vendors and practitioners, a working group was established in 2009 to remove the confusion. This working group had a mix of practitioners and vendors and came up with the SOA Manifesto that states “service-orientation is a paradigm that frames what you do” and that “SOA is a type of architecture that results from applying service-orientation” This group also prioritized SOA as a business initiative rather than a technological initiative and thus states the importance of (1) business value over technical strategy, (2) strategic goals over project-specific benefits, (3) intrinsic interoperability over custom integration, (4) shared services over specific-purpose implementations, (5) flexibility over-optimization and (6) evolutionary refinement over pursuit of initial refinement. (Erl, Thomas et al. “SOA Manifesto.” SOA Manifesto. N.p., Oct. 2009. Web.)

As you can see, SOA is an organizational journey that spans across business and technology. From a business perspective, business objectives drive the integration of applications within the organization and between business partners. From a technological perspective, integration of applications is modeled using loosely coupled services that can be combined and orchestrated to achieve business objectives. Thus, you can say that SOA is a framework that allows business processes to be highlighted to deliver interoperability and rapid delivery of functionality.

1.3. How does SOA work?

In SOA, you have three roles that include the Service Provider, the Service Requester, and the Service Registry. The Service Provider role (1) describes what the service does, (2) deploys the service over the network and (3) publishes service in a service registry. The Service Requester role (1) finds service in a service registry and (2) uses the service description to invoke the service. The Service Registry advertises the availability of a service that is published by the Service Provider. The interaction between Service Provider, Service Requester and Service Registry is shown below:

Business Objectives and SOA

From the above figure, you can see that business objectives are the drivers for SOA within an organization. While the main idea behind SOA is the reuse of generalized software components modeled as services, but due to its ability to encourage collaboration between business and IT, it can create alignment and can help the organization respond to the rapidly changing business environments.

2. WHAT ARE THE BENEFITS OF SOA?

In order to understand how SOA can help your organization, you have to explore some of its benefits and how other organizations were able to use SOA for their strategic advantage. Following are some of the benefits of SOA:

2.1 Enhanced Operational Insights:

It is often observed in organizations that the left hand is unaware of what the right hand is doing. This type of disconnects causes organizational silos where the approach to developing business processes and the technologies that support it have a very narrow focus. Due to this, the business processes and technologies are tightly coupled with the functional needs at the time when they were created. While this gets the job done for a particular functional need but now if you multiple this scenario across the entire organization and its various functions then you start to see a spaghetti of business processes and its enabling technologies (“Why Enterprise Architecture?” YouTube. Mastering ArchiMate, 19 Apr. 2013.)

The ‘spaghetti architecture’ can result in duplicative business processes and technologies across different organizational divisions. These business processes and enabling technologies are rarely documented which increases the risk of costly mistakes when these business processes change and when the underlying technologies that support these business processes become outdated. In spaghetti architecture, there is also rarely any thought put into the future needs of the organization as a whole, this can also result in using technologies that might become obsolete for future needs.

SOA addresses the spaghetti architecture head-on by creating operational insights into the different organizational processes of the organization. Since the main driver of SOA is business objectives that encompass business processes, your organization can start to view the various unique, duplicative and interdependent business processes holistically across the entire company. This holistic view gives your organization the ability to see which business processes can be completely eliminated, which ones can be combined and which ones can be used to make rapid decisions. An example of an organization that used SOA to address its spaghetti architecture is FedEx, a $32 billion multinational organization. By overhauling FedEx’s entire spaghetti architecture to SOA, within 3 years it was able to better manage acquisitions and process changes (Ganesan, Suresh et al. “What Business Executives Must Know About SOA.” Cognizant White Paper (2007): n. pag. Bloom Group, 2007. b.)

2.2 Increased Business Agility:

In today’s competitive business environment, business agility is the ‘holy grail’ that organizations strive to achieve. This business agility can entail many things and can range from bringing a product/solution quicker to the market to providing efficient troubleshooting support for customers. This also implies that business agility is a moving target and can be achieved partially and holistically depending upon the business objectives. The underlying thought behind business agility is the idea of continuous improvement to get better and better at what the organization does.

As your organization looks to be agile, SOA provides the foundation to do this. Due to operational insights and an understanding of the shared services within your organization, SOA can help accelerate what you are trying to achieve. An example of an organization that used SOA to become agile was Wachovia Bank. Using SOA, Wachovia was able to promote a product engineering mentality and make IT an advisor to the business (Ganesan, Suresh et al. “What Business Executives Must Know About SOA.” Cognizant White Paper (2007): n. pag. Bloom Group, 2007. Web.). In 2008, Wells Fargo bought Wachovia for $15.4 billion and when in 2014 Wells Fargo became the highest-earning bank in the United States, its CEO gave credit to their smooth acquisition of Wachovia due their cultural similarities (Raice, Shayndi. “As Wells Fargo Hits Profit Milestone, CEO Gives Credit to Wachovia.” MoneyBeat RSS. The Wall Street Journal, 14 Jan. 2014. Web.). You can extrapolate that Wachovia’s SOA might also have been a factor in the smooth acquisition since most acquisitions fail due to cultural and technological differences.

2.3 Better Customer Experience:

If the customer is king, then customer experience must be the only priority. Traditionally, organizations have considered customer experience to be the point of the transaction when a purchase is made. But a more holistic view of customer experience entails the pre-sales and post-sale processes as well. Due to the many touchpoints (e.g., physical, website, mobile, social media, etc.) of the customers with business; customer experience is not a point of transaction anymore. Forrester® goes on to say that in today’s era of empowered and always-connected customers, organizations need customers more than the customers need organizations. [9] Forrester® goes on and talks about creating a “customer experience ecosystem” that entails the people, processes, policies, and technologies. (Fenwick, Nigel. “Nigel Fenwick’s Blog.” Why Customer Experience Will Become The #1 CIO Priority. Forrester Research, 27 June 2013. Web.)

When you talk about customers, you have to take into account both the internal customers and external customers. The ease by which internal customers can provide customized and quick services to external customers can increase productivity and improve the bottom line for your organization. An example of an organization where SOA was used to improve customer experience was The Hartfort Group, a $26 billion organization. By implementing SOA, The Hartfort Group was able to enable its agents to create, assemble and complete transactions with the external customers (Ganesan, Suresh et al., “What Business Executives Must Know About SOA”).

2.4 Reduced Technology Costs:

As discussed earlier, “spaghetti architecture” can prove to be costly to the organization due to duplicative business processes and the underlying technologies. These costs can quickly add up and start to affect the bottom line of your organization. On the flip side, since SOA allows reuse of services across many functional domains, this can free up money for other endeavors that your organization might be interested in pursuing. An example of this would be Starwood Hotels who are on their way to saving $20 million per year simply by moving from tightly coupled mainframe applications to loosely-coupled SOA services (Ganesan, Suresh et al. “What Business Executives Must Know About SOA.” Cognizant White Paper (2007): n. pag. Bloom Group, 2007. Web.).

2.5 Creation of New Business Models:

In today’s competitive business landscape, organizations are continuously looking for ways to differentiate themselves from their competitors. This differentiation can also come in the form of determining new business models enabled by SOA services that would not have been possible in the past. Due to SOA, your organization can look across the various services and make intelligent decisions on what services can be combined to create additional value for the customer that in turn can increase the bottom line. An example of where SOA is best used and enforced is that of Amazon, a $74 billion online retailer (“Amazon Booms in 2013 With $74.45 Billion in Revenue.” Digital Book World. Digital Book World, 30 Jan. 2013. Web.). In 2002, Jeff Bezos of Amazon issued a mandate that stated, “All teams will henceforth expose their data and functionality through service interfaces” and “anyone who doesn’t do this will be fired” “The Secret to Amazons Success Internal APIs.” The Secret to Amazons Success Internal APIs. API Evangelist, 12 Jan. 2012. Web.). Bezos’s commitment to SOA and betting the entire future of the company speaks volumes about what SOA can do for an organization.

3. WHAT ARE THE CHALLENGES OF SOA?

So, while SOA provides great promise for your organization, it is by no means a panacea. Thus, you have to also carefully assess the following challenges that SOA brings to your organization:

3.1. Governance & Organizational Maturity:

Governance in a way is the policy of how things ought to be done. It provides a framework in which business processes can operate under regulatory, time and other constraints. Thus, governance is an organizational responsibility even for SOA and not only an IT activity. In order to accomplish this, your organization should set up a governance board that consists of a cross-functional team from both business and IT. Additionally, governance should not only include the overall organization and management of SOA activities but also the creation of success and failure measurements. These measurements should be used to actually determine the state of SOA within your organization instead of people doing vaporware measurements that have no grounds in reality.

3.2 Not Only an IT thing:

If the burden of implementing SOA across your entire organization is on IT then it takes away the business side’s responsibility and involvement. While IT is responsible for creating SOA services but the business has to work collaboratively with IT to define what those services are. Additionally, the business-side has to understand how did the current state of misalignment between business and IT came into being and how this can be avoided in the future. Thus, SOA is not an IT issue but an organizational endeavor that affects all parts of your organization.

3.3. Organizational Processes Need Reevaluation:

While the presence of too many point-to-point integrations in your organization can reduce your ability to be agile but there is a bigger perspective that you also have to consider. This perspective revolves around your organizational processes that led to misalignment in the first place. These organizational processes not only entail IT but also the business side. Typically, IT does what business asks but then there has to be some mutual understanding that the requests for services have to be understood holistically. Even after SOA migrations, if your organizational processes are not optimized they might still result in ad-hoc requests from the business leading back to point-to-point tightly couple services that you try to avoid in SOA.

3.4. Long-Term View of Legacy Systems is Needed:

In the short term, it may seem like a good idea to not replace your organizational legacy systems but in the long term, there are issues when you do this. These issues entail the constant “patching” to upgrade underlying hardware and software in addition to overburdening legacy systems where new services are being added on top of systems that should be replaced rather than being continued to extend their life. While it may not be possible to replace legacy systems altogether but you should have a plan to retire these systems with new systems eventually.

3.5. No Measurement Means No ROI:

If your organization does not measure pre-SOA activities then how would you know if what SOA promised for your organization is what you really wanted to achieve. So, since SOA often requires a long-term commitment from both business and IT, you have to develop performance metrics upfront before you embark on your journey towards SOA-fication.

4. CONCLUSION

Due to your organization’s desire to compete in today’s competitive business landscape, you have to carefully weigh the benefits of SOA’s value in terms of operational efficiencies and organizational improvements. Based on the information provided above, using SOA will help your organization have enhanced operational insights which can increase your organization’s agility to provide better customer experiences, reduce technology costs and explore new business models. Also, you need to keep in mind that SOA presents the challenges of honestly looking at yourselves in terms of maturity and business-IT collaboration by having a long-term view of what you want your systems to accomplish and how you measure what success looks like. Consequently, if you lack foresight into how SOA can be used as a business transformation effort then your desire to be the best would just be a pipedream.

References:

  1. “Service.” Merriam-Webster. Merriam-Webster, n.d. Web. <http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/service&gt;.
  2. Linthicum, David. “Chapter 1: Service Oriented Architecture (SOA).” Chapter 1: Service Oriented Architecture (SOA). Microsoft, n.d. Web. <http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bb833022.aspx&gt;.
  3. “Oracle SOA – Service-Oriented Architecture.” Service Oriented Architecture. Oracle, n.d. Web. <http://www.oracle.com/ca-en/products/middleware/soa/overview/index.html&gt;.
  4. Erl, Thomas et al. “SOA Manifesto.” SOA Manifesto. N.p., Oct. 2009. Web. <http://www.soa-manifesto.org/&gt;.
  5. “Why Enterprise Architecture?” YouTube. Mastering ArchiMate, 19 Apr. 2013. Web. <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qDI2oF1bASk&gt;.
  6. Ganesan, Suresh et al. “What Business Executives Must Know About SOA.” Cognizant White Paper (2007): n. pag. Bloom Group, 2007. Web. <http://bloomgroup.com/sites/all/files/Cognizant%20SOA%20paper.pdf&gt;.
  7. Raice, Shayndi. “As Wells Fargo Hits Profit Milestone, CEO Gives Credit to Wachovia.” MoneyBeat RSS. The Wall Street Journal, 14 Jan. 2014. Web. <http://blogs.wsj.com/moneybeat/2014/01/14/as-wells-fargo-hits-profit-milestone-ceo-gives-credit-to-wachovia/&gt;.
  8. Fenwick, Nigel. “Nigel Fenwick’s Blog.” Why Customer Experience Will Become The #1 CIO Priority. Forrester Research, 27 June 2013. Web. <http://blogs.forrester.com/nigel_fenwick/13-06-27-why_customer_experience_will_become_the_1_cio_priority&gt;.
  9. “Amazon Booms in 2013 With $74.45 Billion in Revenue.” Digital Book World. Digital Book World, 30 Jan. 2013. Web. <http://www.digitalbookworld.com/2014/amazon-booms-in-2013-with-74-45-billion-in-revenue/&gt;.
  10. “The Secret to Amazon’s Success Internal APIs.” The Secret to Amazon’s Success Internal APIs. API Evangelist, 12 Jan. 2012. Web. <http://apievangelist.com/2012/01/12/the-secret-to-amazons-success-internal-apis/&gt;.

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